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I'm running into aerodynamic limitations with some of my more powerful designs, and I think revising my aero effects would be a good way to increase their maximum speed. What is a good rule of thumb for tuning aero effects? How important is creating downforce and balancing it relatively equally across the front and rear of the vehicle?

The quick answer is: it varies a lot! It depends on weight balance, body format, drivetrain format, and also varies per track. Results are variable, also depending on tracrion , wheel size and width. Some of the setups near the top of the leaderboards have very similar times but vastly different approaches, so you'll have to experiment a bit!

(My coarse rule if thumb is, the driving wheels need the most down force, and if that's both front and rear, I preference the rear).